1. Introduction This proposal has been developed in response to the request for developing solutions for an engineering problem. It aims to provide the Land Transport Authority and bus operator Go-Ahead Singapore with a focused overview of how design implementations can help to optimize the efficiency of harnessing solar energy for their proof-of-concept trial buses. 1.1 Background According to the bus operator, Go-Ahead Singapore (2021), the proof-of-concept (POC) trials for buses retrofitted with rooftop-mounted solar panels were launched as part of their efforts to implement solutions to support sustainable transportation. The trials aim to improve vehicle efficiency, reduce consumption of diesel fuel and reduce carbon emissions. The trials are expected to run for six months from April until September to undergo various tests (Straits Times, 2021). The bus operator has stated on their website (Go-Ahead Singapore, 2021) that these efforts are in-line with the objective of being...